Ancient Roman and Egyptian Dogs: Guardians, Hunters and Loyal Companions
Ancient Roman and Egyptian Dogs
Dogs have played an important role in human civilization for thousands of years. From protecting livestock and homes to assisting in hunting and military operations, dogs were valued companions in both Ancient Rome and Ancient Egypt. This article explores the fascinating history of ancient Roman and Egyptian dogs and the important roles they played in everyday life.
Guardian Dogs in Ancient Times
Guardian dogs, known today as guard dogs, have existed for thousands of years. Historical records suggest that some of the earliest guardian dogs were mastiff-type livestock guardian dogs used to protect sheep, goats, and cattle from predators such as wolves, bears, and leopards.
One notable guardian dog was the now nearly extinct Bandog or Bandogge, a powerful mastiff-type dog often associated with Molossian ancestry. During the day, these dogs were chained, but at night, they were released to protect homes, villages, military camps, and livestock. Some historians believe Molossian dogs were also used by the Romans in battle, although this remains a topic of debate.
Both the Romans and Egyptians highly valued dogs, but each civilization utilized them in unique ways.
Ancient Roman Dogs
Dogs were deeply integrated into Roman society. Wealthy homeowners often displayed mosaics at the entrances of their homes depicting dogs alongside the famous warning “Cave Canem” (“Beware of the Dog”), serving the same purpose as modern “Guard Dog on Duty” signs.
Historical records describe several types of dogs used by the Roman military and civilian populations:
- Canes Pugnaces – attack dogs equipped with chain mail and spiked collars.
- Canes Villatici – guard dogs used to protect homes and property.
- Canes Nare Sagaces – tracking dogs with exceptional scenting abilities.
- Canes Pedibus Celeres – fast-running chasing and hunting dogs.
Among the most respected Roman breeds was the Cane Corso, a powerful mastiff-type dog whose name roughly translates to “bodyguard dog” or “guardian dog.” The Cane Corso was widely used to protect homes, families, livestock, and farms. Ancient artwork and engravings frequently depict these impressive dogs alongside Roman citizens.
Another notable Roman breed was the Vertragus, a swift hunting dog believed to be an ancestor of the modern Italian Greyhound. The Vertragus was prized for both hunting and guarding. Historical writings dating back to 63 BCE describe these dogs as loyal companions that often slept beside their owners, providing warmth during cold nights.
The Romans inherited much of their dog knowledge from the earlier Etruscan civilization. Although little is known about how the Etruscans of Italy viewed dogs, Roman records clearly demonstrate that dogs were respected members of society. Many owners considered them part of the family and honored them after death with tombs, inscriptions, and memorials.
Ancient Egyptian Dogs
Dogs also held a special place in Ancient Egyptian culture. They served as hunters, guards, military companions, and beloved household pets. The Egyptian word for dog was Iwiw, which roughly translates to “their bark.”
Several dog breeds commonly associated with Ancient Egypt include:
One of the most famous dogs in Egyptian history was Abuwtiyuw (also known as Abutiu), believed to have lived before 2280 BCE during Egypt’s Sixth Dynasty. Thought to have been a royal guard dog, Abuwtiyuw received a ceremonial burial in the Giza Necropolis, making him one of the earliest known domesticated animals recorded by name. This dog was known to be a Sighthound, which is a lightly built hunting dog very similar to a Greyhound.
Ancient Egyptians are also credited with creating some of the earliest dog collars. Artwork dating back to approximately 3500 BCE depicts dogs wearing collars and being walked on leashes by their owners.
Dogs were highly respected members of Egyptian households. When a beloved dog died, it was often mummified with care similar to that given to humans. Family members would shave their bodies and even their eyebrows as a sign of mourning. In many cases, dogs were buried alongside their owners, demonstrating the strong bond that existed between humans and their canine companions.
The Legacy of Ancient Dogs
The history of dogs in Ancient Rome and Egypt demonstrates the remarkable relationship between humans and canines. Whether serving as guardians, hunters, military companions, or family pets, dogs played a vital role in both civilizations.
Many of today’s working dogs, protection dogs, livestock guardians, and companion animals can trace their ancestry and purpose back to these early civilizations. Their legacy continues to influence modern dog training, breeding, and the special bond we share with dogs today.
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